Foreclosure is a situation in which a homeowner is unable to make full principal and interest repayments on his/her mortgage, which allows the lender to seize the property, evict the homeowner and sell the home, as agreed in the mortgage deal. One month after the homeowner misses a mortgage payment, he/she is in default and will be notified by the lender. Three to six a few months after the homeowner misses a mortgage payment, presuming the mortgage is still delinquent, and the house owner has not comprised the missed payments in just a specified grace period, the lending company will start to foreclose. The farther behind the borrower falls, the more difficult it becomes to capture up since lenders add fees for payments that are 10-15 days late.
Each state has their own foreclosure laws in the notices the lender must post publicly and/or with the homeowner, the homeowner's selections for bringing the loan current and avoiding foreclosure, and the process for selling the property. In twenty two states – including Florida, Illinois, and Ny – judicial foreclosure is the norm, meaning the lender must go through the courts to get permission to foreclose by showing the borrower is delinquent.
If the foreclosure is approved, the local sheriff sales the home to the highest bidder to attempt to recoup what the bank is due, or the bank becomes the owner and offers the home through the traditional route to recoup the loss. The entire contencioso foreclosure process, from the borrower's first, missed repayment through the lender's sale for the home, usually requires 480 to 700 times, based on the Mortgage Bankers Relationship of America.
The other 28 states – including Arizona, California, Georgia and Texas – generally use non-judicial foreclosure, also referred to as the power of sale, which is often faster and does not go through the courts unless the home owner sues the lender.
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